Most security education recycles the same dozen attacks. This threat lab covers the ones that break an assumption you never knew you were making — starting with the deepest of all: that two systems agree on what the same bytes mean. When a guardrail, a language model, and a tool each parse one input differently, the exploit lives in the disagreement, not in any single component. Each class is taught by the assumption it violates, the mechanism that makes it work, and the assumption-free defense — grounded in the seminal paper that named it, and tied back to the AI-agent stack every time.
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